![]() By 400 BCE, stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism, and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen, in part as a reaction, proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity. The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions. By 1200 BCE, an archaic form of Sanskrit, an Indo-European language, had diffused into India from the northwest, appearing as the language of the Vedas, and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India. Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin, evolving gradually into the Indus valley civilisation of the third millennium BCE. Human remains on the subcontinent date to about 30,000 years ago. Their long occupation, initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers, has made the region highly diverse, second only to Africa in human genetic diversity. ![]() Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago.
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